Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is well known as the founder of psychoanalysis in psychiatry and is thought of by many as a key figure in psychology. Throughout his work Freud came up with numerous concepts and theories, many of which still cause a lot of debate amongst psychologists. In this essay I will discuss some of Freuds key concepts including; development of personality, personality structures and defence mechanisms. After which I will attempt to assess their significance in modern psychology and conclude whether or not I believe Freuds concepts are of value to contemporary psychology and if we should continue to look into his work. One key concept developed by Freud is the development of personality. He came up with five distinct stages, known as the psychosexual stage, to describe how our personalities develop from birth to about 18 years of age. He places particular emphasis on the development of sexual drives and how this shapes our personalities. Furthermore, each stage has a region, known as the erogenous zone, where the libidinal energy is focused. The five stages are: Oral stage (birth one year old), in this stage Freud (1901) suggests that events around feeding are the focal point of pleasure for the infant, the erogenous zone includes the lips, mouth and tongue (Maltby, Day and Macaskill; 2007). Anal stage (1year -2 years), Freud believed that bowel movement gives the baby sensual pleasure, also at this stage the child is rewarded for bladder and bowel control (Maltby et al., 2007). The anal region becomes the new erogenous zone. Phallic stage (3 years -5 years), at this stage the child starts to mature physiologically and the libidinal energy is transferred to genital region (new erogenous zone). At this stage gratification is gained from masturbation (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud thought that girls experienced what he called penis envy as they become aware that boys have penises and the do not. In addition, boys become sexually aware of their mother and start to view their father as a sexual rival (and experience castration anxiety fear of losing their penis), this is known as the Oedipal complex. Latency stage (5 years -12 years) can be seen as a resting period of the psychosexual stage. Social interactions are most important in this stage, children develop friendships with same sexed peers, as well as, identifying with the same sexed parent (Maltby et al., 2007) resulting in socialisation of gender roles. Genital stage (12 years +) as this stage puberty begins, which reawakens the libidinal energy, resulting in a more mature sexual attachment, in normal development the main sexual objects are members of the opposite sex (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud also developed the idea of personality structures. He identifies three personality structures that develop in every person, these are the; ID (present from birth), EGO and superEGO (these two form later on in development). The ID is the primitive, pleasure seeking part of the personality, it strives for immediate gratification (i.e. I want X and I want it now!). The EGO plays an important role as the mediator and is the rational aspect of our personalities (i.e. You will find a way to get X, just be patient). Finally the superEGO is the moral, guilt driven side of the personality which then becomes our conscience (i.e. You cant have X because its wrong). And finally I will talk about defence mechanisms, a well-known concept developed by Freud. Defence mechanisms can be described as the minds way of protecting itself from unacceptable or painful thoughts, as well as, conflict from the three personality structures. Freud mentions eleven defence mechanisms: Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, conversion reaction, phobic avoidance, displacement, regression, isolation and undoing. The two most known defences are: repression the idea that we push undesirable thoughts, feelings and impulses from our conscious mind into our unconscious in order to shield ourselves from pain and protect our self-esteem. In other words Freud saw repression as the Ego and superEGOs way of supressing the ID. Denial is simply when we refuse to face certain situations or realities as we do not find them acceptable. Cramer (1991) states that the boundaries between these two defence mechanisms are often hard to distinguish between (cited in Baumeister, Dale and Sommer Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology; 1998). The next part of the essay will aim to assess the value of some of Freuds work in contemporary psychology. The concept of personality development is solely based on how libidinal instincts shape us. Maltby, Day and Macaskill (2007), state that Freud does not meet the parsimony criteria in his explanation of the motivational basis of behaviour, Freud implies that sexual and aggressive instincts are the only motivators of human behaviour (Maltby et al., 2007). The psychosexual stages, do not fully explain human behaviour as they are highly reductionist and ignore the complexity of the human mind, as well as, being bias in only emphasising one aspect as the basis of all behaviour, therefore, it can be said that they are of little value to contemporary psychology. Freud also identified problems that may occur as a result of fixation in anyone of the five psychosexual stages. He then developed treatment, known as free association, which would allow the patients to resolve their emotional conflicts, which involved catharsis, where the patients discharged their emotions by speaking freely about anything they want, leading to resolution of these issues. This method has been widely reviewed and is still used in contemporary psychology. Greenberg (2002) concluded that emotional arousal and processing within a supportive therapeutic relationship is the core element for positive change in therapy. He emphasized the cognitive aspect of catharsis and the need to understand and make sense of emotions. (Esta Powell; 2007). Free association is replicable making it reliable and has many applications to contemporary psychology making it valid. Conversely, much of Freuds work on the psychosexual stages was largely based on his interpretations of observations of young children or self-reports of dreams and thoughts. Freud used Little Hans primarily to support his theory of the Oedipus complex (Jennifer Stuart; 2007). Critics contend that Freuds theory is lacking in empirical evidence and relies too heavily on therapeutic achievements, whereas others assert that even Freuds clinical data are flawed, inaccurate, and selective at best (Beystehner; 1998). Thus, the validity of his work is very much in question. As these concepts, such as the psychosexual stages, cannot be operationalized and tested they are not falsifiable and are of little relevance to contemporary research. Many of Freuds theories are simple in a way that they are not comprised of many concepts, for example, his theory on personality structure consists of three clearly definable structures. In this sense his work can be said to be parsimonious and has formed a basis for further research. According to Dangleish and Power (1999) the personality structure purposed by Freud has face validity as we are all aware of anxiety and conflicts in everyday life decision making (as cited in Maltby, Day and Macaskill, Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 34). Face validity implies that there is support for his theory on personality structures, and so this theory can be operationalized and tested to see how personalities coexist within us and data from these tests can have practical applications. Furthermore, Freuds work on defence mechanisms was widely accepted and leads to follow up research, such as that by Brewin and Andrews. After reviewing this area of psychology, Brewin and Andrews (1998) concluded that 20% to 60% of therapy patients who had been victims of sexual abuse in their childhood reported not being able to recall being abused for large periods of time in their lives (cited in Maltby et al., Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 36,37). This shows us that the mind does use methods, such as repression, to protect itself from indecent memories. This shows falsifiability as it is replicable and has practical applications in life which can be used and developed in contemporary psychology. Freuds work is very controversial and has provoked enormous debate, much of which has led to the development of novel ideas in psychology. Not only has his work been expanded upon and developed (e.g. to better treatment of mental patients) but many breakthroughs have been made in trying to disprove his theories. Although many of Freuds theories are subjective and based on his interpretation of dreams and thoughts which cannot be empirically tested, he has made many valuable contributions to psychology. These include the use of defence mechanisms and the idea of personality structures, both of which have supporting evidence from contemporary psychologists, e.g. Brewin and Andrews (1998) work supports the concept of defence mechanisms. As well as this he created clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology, developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and concluded dreams are the primary insight into the unconscious mind. All of these have ha d practical applications and have formed the foundation of contemporary psychology. Thus, I believe that it is potent that Freuds theories and concepts continue to be revised. Referencing: Maltby, J., Day, L Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (2nd Ed.). London: Prentice Hall Baumeister, R.F., Dale, K. Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction Formal, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation and Denial. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Stuart, J. (2007). Little Hans and Freuds Self-Analysis: A Biographical View of Clinical Theory in the Making, 55, (3), 799-819. Beystehner, K. M. (1998). Psychoanalysis: Freuds revolutionary approach to human personality. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Personality Papers Web site: http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html Powell, E. (2007). Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond: A Historical overview. Visited on October 25, 2010, Web site: http://www.primalmatters.com/images/Catharsis%20.pdf

Annotated Biblography Essay

Kristen E. Van Vonderen, M. S. , William Kinnally, Ph. D. (2012), â€Å"Media Effects on Body Image: Examining Media Exposure in the Broader Context of Internal and Other Social Factors†. Volume 14, Issue 2. 41-57. American Communication Journal. Summary: Vonderson and Kinnally’s article discusses the influence media has on women today and the way they see themselves. Being â€Å"overweight† has such negative stigmatism to it that women who are considered to be overweigh feel as though they are unlovable or unsuccessful because they don’t look like the women in magazines. They touch on the subject of the influence from parents and peers. Parents who comment on their child’s physical appearance convey body image norms that could lead to negative association with body shape. In the article they also talk about internal influences such as self-esteem and how, in part, it is a reflection of the opinion others hold of you. Analysis: Vonderson and Kinnally’s approach to informing us about how women are portrayed in magazines is both informative and surprising. I, myself being a young women was more than aware of the issue with body image and the media. I personally have thought less of myself after looking through a magazine or watching a movie because of how thin and beautiful those women are. But I was not aware of the many causes that influence women into thinking so negatively. Reflection: This particular article was very informative and helpful towards my research paper topic because it was exactly what I am writing about. Going into this project, I thought I knew quite a bit of information on this topic, but now reading these articles I realize that there is much more to the influence media has on women than I had imagined. Gemma Lopez- Guimera, Micheal P. Levine, David Sanchez-Carracedo, Jordi Fauquet. (2010),† Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behavior in Females: A Review of Effects and Processes†. Media Psychology, 13:387– 416. Print Summary: This article reviews research on the effects of television and magazines on body image and on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Evidence from different types of studies in the fields of eating disorders, media psychology, health psychology, and mass communication indicates that mass media are an extremely important source of information and reinforcement in relation to the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. Although considerable research remains to be done, evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both direct and indirect (via media’s effects on peers, parents, coaches, physicians, etc. ) pressures from media to be thin constitute risk factors for body dissatisfaction, concerns over weight and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls and young women. Analysis: I found this article to be both credible and reliable mainly on the fact that it’s research was conducted professionally. The multiple authors of this article are credible because they are head departments of psychology, clinical and health psychology, psychobiology, and methodology of health sciences all from admirable universities all over the world. Reflection: This article help shapes the arguments in my research paper. My research paper is on the topic of mass media and its influence on society and with an article that focuses just on the female aspect of it, it will really help my arguments. So, J. and Nabi, R. (2013), Reduction of Perceived Social Distance as an Explanation for Media’s Influence on Personal Risk Perceptions: A Test of the Risk Convergence Model. Human Communication Research, 39: 317–338. Print Summary: The aim of this study was to develop the Perceived Parental Media Mediation Scale (PPMMS). in an initial test of this model, 500 undergraduate students at the University of California, Santa Barbara, participated in an experiment. Participants were exposed to entertainment clips that either portrayed a main character who is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease or thinks he/she might have caught an STD and gets scared of testing for it. Overall, the risk convergence model received solid support from the data, with all paths emerging as significant except for the link between perceived realism and social distance. Reduction of social distance completely mediated the relationship between identification, transportation and personal risk perceptions, thus suggesting social distance as a valid causal mechanism of the process involving the two variables. Analysis: This article is credible because studies were conducted at multiple universities such as University of Georgia and UC Santa Barbara by experts in the Department of Communications. I found this article to be non biased based on the fact that they had conducted numerous experiments and tests on a large number of students and still found that their risk perception was influenced by the media. Reflection: I found this article to be very helpful with my research paper, being that it was a rather long article with more than enough information explaining medias influence on personal risk perception.

The Insider Secrets for Evaluation Essay Topic Discovered

The Insider Secrets for Evaluation Essay Topic Discovered It's necessary that if you compose an essay it needs to have a superior flow, attempt to steer clear of unnecessary things and vagrancy. Most writing you are going to have to do in your professional life will involve a good deal of expository content also. Explain why it is you're interested in a specific career. You may also consider focusing on several different methods to take care of either disorder. The Foolproof Evaluation Essay Topic Strategy It is among the simplest kinds of essays you don't require any referencing material. Pupils that aren't creative usually become considerable issues as they can not really become instructions on the ideal approach to tackle their composition documents. Free range parenting since you can see, there are an excellent number of useful, informative and intriguing topics to write about and evaluate. There are a lot of helpful sources readily available on the net which will be a ble to help you with any academic writing task. You don't require any particular criteria or reasons. You should give them reasons to strengthen your opinion. It is very important to try to remember that in your thesis, you should set-up the angle of your judgment. The judgment describes whether the criteria are satisfied. Whenever you make an argument, you've got to back this up with facts and examples, but your argument is just as strong as the info you provide. Your assertion has to be focused and restricted. The write-up displays minimum comprehension of the duty. You've got to compose an informative essay. If you got stuck with how to compose an evaluation essay here you will find any sort of essays. Authorship a scholarship essay can be exceedingly difficult especially should you need to do it well. Explain your solution in a comprehensive essay. Anything referred which is unauthentic could result in a negative effect on your essay. As an example, an author may be assigned to compose an essay on ethics in politics. What you have to know about how to compose an evaluation essay is that you ought to incorporate every one of your evaluating objects into your essay. In case you be going to compose an intriguing, unique essay, you will have to complete investigation. Evaluation Essay Topic Fundamentals Explained There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Since you may see, there's more to selecting the most suitable company than simply considering their payplan. The composition requires a position to the issue and will give a wide situation for talk. Write carefully, so that someone else on the lookout for help with the exact same thing could choose whether to hire that person. 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Top Evaluation Essay Topic Choices Okay, now you have th e fundamentals about how to opt for an informative essay topic, let's dig into some amazing ideas! Describe the consequences of marijuana. Give an explanations for your answer. Evaluation Essay Topic - Is it a Scam? Furthermore, custom writing firm ought to have the skilled authors that could write the argumentative article. The best method to improve writing skills is by way of regular practice. Authorship a great story composition needs you to really contain interesting info in an engaging strategy. Few weeks of constant work and you'll be writing skilled material! Getting the Best Evaluation Essay Topic You would like to write about something you understand about and something you get a strong opinion about. Again, the point is to refrain from sounding too opinionated or biased. 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Career Plateuing - 889 Words

Overview/Summary of Article This paper focuses on career plateauing and the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions and the alleviating effects of mentoring on the relationships between career plateauing and the three dependent variables. I reviewed Samuel O. Salami s article â€Å"Career plateauing and work attitudes: Moderating effects of mentoring others with Nigerian employees†, Salami collected data from 280 government employees in Nigeria, who were more than 30 years of age and came from a wide variety of organizations. The results showed that career plateau (job content and hierarchical) was negatively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment and was positively related†¦show more content†¦Studies also have shown that mentors have a higher commitment to their organization, decreased intention to turnover and increased job performance. Mentoring provides benefits for its mentors as well, like, pro fessional enhancement, organizational and peer recognition, interpersonal relationship, meaningfulness and fulfillment and productivity. Salami says that mentoring others is plays a alleviating role in the relationship between career plateauing and work attitudes. He states that the alleviating effects of mentoring in the plateauing-work attitude link is based on the career and life stage writings particularly Levinson s life cycle theory. Levinson s middle adulthood stage and mid-life transition is at the center of this study. Salami explored mentoring others as a coping response to plateauing; in the article it was suggested that mentoring younger employees may help plateaued employees to cognitively manipulate the meaning of being plateaued. Salami s results indicated that mentoring others was associated with higher levels of satisfaction, commitment and performance among plateaued employees. Results from Salami s study also indicated that mentoring others was significantly and positively related to job satisfaction and organization commitment but negativelyShow MoreRelatedA Report on Current Hr Issues and Skills Required for Hr Managers2903 Words   |  12 Pages8 Figure 3: Organizational Strength 9 Figure 4: Management Level of Respondents 10 Figure 5: HR role of respondents 11 Figure 6: Gender of Respondents 12 Figure 7: Level at which respondents began their career 13 Figure 8: Field in which respondents began their career 14 Figure 9: Graphical representation of major issues 15 Figure 10: Graphical Representation of major skills required for a HR manager 17 INTRODUCTION This project aims at identifying the current issues

“The Sea Inside” Film Review By Michael Travis. The First

â€Å"The Sea Inside† Film Review by Michael Travis The first ethical issue I observed was with Gene, the therapist. Gene chose to break the law by assisting Ramon with information about the correct use of cyanide to commit a crime. Secondly, her relationship with Ramon did not remain professional.Gene has a responsibility to do good, and no harm to her client Ramon. She violated beneficence and non-maleficence. Welfel (2016) states â€Å"both professional ethics and the law have a set of values at their core: for the law, they are the values the society agrees upon; for the professions, they are the central values that its members have endorsed,† I felt Gene was incompetent to be Ramon’s therapist; she failed him by not referring to professional†¦show more content†¦The therapist must accept the autonomy of their clients. Welfel states â€Å"the right to privacy is coupled with freedom of choice as part of respect for autonomy.† In other words, all people hold the freedom to choose what is in their best interest or freedom of actions and dignity. Bart said â€Å"I do what I feel like,† his community needs to respect his actions because he is free to make choices for himself. The overlapping principle of nonmaleficence comes into play when the potential for harm is evident and avoiding preventable risks. Welfel states â€Å"Professionals have a duty to use only those interventions that they know are not likely to harm clients. In the case of Groundskeeper Willie and the Maintenance worker, they are the professional in their vocation; they exercised their freedom by partly doing their job because that is all they felt like doing, knowing full well, harm could come to the citizens. They could have said they were not competent in their role and declined the responsibility because of inadequate training or experience, however, they didn’t, they were entrusted to put the lives at the festival first. It is imperative counselor understand both principles, what is in the best interest of the client despite them doing what they feel like unless it is going to cause harm to themselves or others. Then their autonomy should be

The 5-Minute Rule for Case Western Supplemental Essay Samples

The 5-Minute Rule for Case Western Supplemental Essay Samples Student's life can be simple and straightforward. Folks tell you things that may help you when you truly listen. Education is one particular aspect that determines the life a man or woman would lead. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. The same is relevant for the short-take supplement questions, the ones that seek a one-word or one-sentence reaction. Thus, you also need to tailor your response to the schools you're applying to so as to demonstrate decent fit. If you stumble across this supplement, pick the extracurricular that was most important with you, or maybe the one which you'd love to continue to pursue in college. Your supplement isn't about creating the most fascinating story. You're not being requested to explain how college can help you grow, but how Oberlin can help you grow. It's important the student can develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their targets. The student ought to be in a place to share their values and dreams they aspire to achieve as soon as they get the occasion to get in the college in the discussion. Some students find it quite easy to construct their content as soon as they have the proper assignment format. Everyone knows there are two kinds of people of the world. State what your target is and why. It's not sufficient to say, I wish to go to XX University because it is a fantastic school. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each and every day on the best way to school would be filled-in. You'll observe a similar structure in several of the essays. These areas of the essay are much less important relatively speaking, but it's still true that you must be certain that you fulfill the requi rements for these. An essay could be attached even if there's not such a space. A mediocre essay can lead to rejection. A great college essay isn't just persuasive, it's a piece which highlights the appropriate attitude to the college, the personal aspirations and the vision the student has once they get in the school. Please note that a few of these college essay examples could be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. When choosing the correct college essay topics, students ought to be keen to focus on the principal ideas they're attempting to pass in their essay. An excellent essay becomes specific and shows particular understanding of the school. Despite the fact that you might be able to spell out your circumstances during the college interview, a supplemental essay is extremely effective for communicating any extra information that may be pertinent to the college you're applying to. Make your essay unique to the university so that it is going to be a strong supplemental essay. A supplemental essay can likewise be utilized to highlight your talents. These seven sample essays respond to a range of thought-provoking questions. A self introduction essay is in the majority of cases written employing the very first person standpoint. The book needs to be fiction, but aside from that requirement you've got plenty of leeway here. If you're applying via the Common App, you aren't going to will need to reply to this essay prompt. The Little-Known Secrets to Case Western Supplemental Essay Samples It is possible to also secure many discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. The writers submit an application for orders they really need to work on, hence the customers can be confident they will acquire high-quality work at the very best price with this service. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. The customer will know the purchase price of the order till they place it and allow it to be definite. Keep in mind, in addition, there are discounts available when purchasing all 3 e-books and free shipping when purchasing all three text books. The ideal place to search for the format required is the net. At length, don't neglect to consider the larger picture. Consider the larger picture.

Case Study of Daniel-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What are the chronic illnesses that Daniel is likely to have? Explain your answers using the information from the scenario. 2.What model of care would suit Daniel's needs? Explain your answer using information from the scenario. Describe the process that needs to happen to establish this model. Support your discussion with relevant literature. 3.Consider that Daniel has agreed to the service model you have proposed in part two. You now need to provide some documentation for the receiving health care agencies. Answers: 1.Individuals of the present generation are seen to suffer form a large number of co morbid disorder which are chronic and tend to destroy the quality of life for many individuals. It is found that not only biological factors but also a large number of psychological and social issues also play a very big role and therefore it is very important for the health professionals to develop a bio-psycho-social model of care for the patients so that they may live better lives. This assignment will show the various ailments that Daniel has and how the diagnosed ailment will affect him and his family. It will also discuss how a perfect model of care would help him to overcome the health issues and keep them under control. One of the most important chronic ailments that Daniel is facing is the issue of obesity as the case study shows that he is overweight with the presence of abdominal fat. He has another chronic ailment of hypertension and therefore he was prescribed antihypertensive medication but he seldom takes them. He also has chronic issues like lower back pain and arthritic knees which have mainly occurred due to his intensive working schedules and his playing football in the younger years. Another important chronic disorder found in the patient is the continuous recurring bronchitis which is actually the earlier form of emphysema. It is seen that Daniel is suffering from a large number of chronic ailments. The presence of his ailments had taken away his power to work better as an unhealthy human being can never provide the same productivity like that of a healthy human being (Hamine et al., 2015). He often tends to miss out his hypertension medication. From this it is evident that he is not literate enough to understand the importance of his medication on his health. Moreover, as he had not completed his education, he is not being able to properly guide his life with the correct lifestyles. Improper diet and lifestyle have made him to gain weight and the situation had become worse as fat accumulation is even found now in the arteries disrupting the flow of blood through the blood vessel and hence occurrence of myocardial infarction took place (DelRio et al., 2013). However the financial condition of Daniel does not support him to take rehabilation as he has no earning members of the family. This would make him more susceptible to ill health and he might face any adverse situation at any unfortunate moment in life. His partner Alma had lost her job and unable to get new one. Hence she had developed depression. Therefore it is seen that both the partners are suffering massively which had a negative impact on emotional and mental health (Zwerink et al., 2014). As Alma is herself depressed, she is not being able to provide the best companionship to her partner and therefore a sense of detachment and issues are found among the partners (Zwar et al., 2017). Therefore, Daniel is not only at risk of cardiovascular disorders due to his chronic ailments like obesity, emphysema due to his smoking habits, arthritis and low back pain due to his strenuous workloads but is also at a risk of developing mental disorders. 2.In the present decade, western healthcare has been seen to adapt the technique of biopsychosocial model of care. It is entirely different form the biomedical model of care which looks at disorders of human beings as the reason of microbial attacks or due to different physiological or metabolic failures (Pincus et al., 2016). Bio-pshyco-social model of treatment not only provided treatment interventions to overcome the biological symptoms of the patients but also helps to care for the different psychological issues faced by the patients . It also tends to develop an idea about the social lives of the patients so that important social aspects that often produce negative impacts on the patients are attended and interventions are therefore designed keeping the tree aspects in mind. It helps in providing a comprehensive care which helps to attain the best quality lives (Suls et al., 2013). In the case study, it is seen that Daniel is suffering from obesity due to improper lifestyle. Due to his lack of education about taking correct diet and financial instability, they are not being able to buy quality foods. Excessive work load has resulted in muscle tear ad wear causing lower back pain and arthritis. Continuous alcohol drinking and addiction has resulted in the recurrence of chronic bronchitis which will lead to emphysema. Besides, he is also a sufferer of hypertension. Therefore, the nurse have to prepare interventions for chronic ailments by properly helping in medication administrations, conducting health education meetings with him and frequently setting up appointments to evaluate the condition of his health (Litten et al., 2015). Rehabilitation in the presence of interdisciplinary team is excessively important but however the patient would not be able to afford it. The nurse should fix up a proper counseling sessions where he can reveal his frustrations and anxi eties. He is seen to have many grudges against his wife and hence this open discussion would help to develop idea about his inner feelings and his mental state. The counselor would try to help him to manage his life properly with the ailments and at the same time lead a cheerful life. Moreover the nurses should also have discussions with the families about how to cope with the situation successfully so that everyone may help each other to come out of the strenuous financial crisis (Van Wormer Davis, 2016). Besides, he also needs to consult an addiction counselor. He is highly addicted to alcohol and therefore various therapies need to be introduced so that he can overcome the habit of drinking. Besides medications, the patient should be advised with cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, marital as well as family counseling therapy and also brief intervention therapies. Besides, the nurse should introduce proper health education for the family members and a lso encourage them to go for social meetings together in order to develop the bonds. Low income, alcohol addiction and lack of education are the recognized social determinants of health for the patient and therefore the nurse should introduce interventions which accommodates in their financial income, help him to overcome addiction with therapies and properly provide them health literacy education to give them good quality life. Therefore from the discussions, it can be seen that patients who suffer from co morbidity disorders are affected not only physically but they also suffer from different social as well as psychological issues. Daniels co morbid disorders were affecting him as well as his son and wife. His wife also had depression. All these had resulted in poor quality life of the family. Hence treating him with bio- psycho -social model of care and addressing different facts of the diseases individually helps him to gain stability in his life. 3.Dear Daniel, As per the meeting we had on Thursday evening, we had come to the conclusion that we will be providing you the bio-pshyco-social model of care. This care will have a comprehensive approach and will help you to cope with not only the physical issues that you are facing but will also help you to overcome your mental and emotional turmoil. As per the discussion we had, you would be directed to the dietician who would be providing you with a detailed nutritious diet plan to maintain your diet and will also educate you with right kind of exercise needed. We will also advice you with proper medication for your low back pain and arthritis and also advice you with light exercises to overcome the pain. Besides, if you allow us, we will fix up physiotherapy sessions with you for your benefit. Proper medication for hypertensions would be advised to you and you need to be very careful with it. Otherwise you may face serious conditions with your cardiac system. Besides, we will also be fixing up therapy sessions with you to make you overcome your drinking habits as they are affecting your condition of the respiratory system. Besides this, I would also provide you details about how you can manage your symptoms properly and understand how you will be able to prevent any adverse effects on your health in the future. Moreover, you would also be undergoing counseling sessions along with your family members separately so that you can disclose your feelings and overcome any emotional or mental turmoil faced by you. The counselor would also help you to gain a new insight of your life which is very necessary for you to overcome the stress and the anxiety you are facing. Following the above mentioned procedure will help you to regain back a quality life Regards, Samantha, Your nursing attendant. Referral letter to mental health clinic for appointment with the counselor: Respected Sir, Counselor: 235 Bloomsberry lane, avenue 3 20th September 2017 Dear Mr. Lee, I am thankful for your acceptance in providing care for Daniel and making his mental condition stable. He is a 52 year old man and had gone though acute myocardial infarction. He is also going through financial crisis. History: His father suffered from cardiovascular disease. He is overweight. He has a strenuous relationship with his wife and often engages in heated arguments. Loss of his wifes job created financial pressure on him. He is highly concerned about his son. He has stated that he does not have time to participate in his rehabilitation program. He is a chain smoker. Requested service: Although the biological and physical symptoms are cared for by us, I request you to develop a plan for him to overcome his addiction. It would be also helpful if you engage in a counseling session with the patient and try to help him regain his mental stability and help him with his personal problems. I hope a patient with more mental stability will respond fast to any treatments. It would be helpful if you meet him in his working place and have your sessions. I look forward for your conclusions. If you are in need of more information, please feel free to contact me. Regards, Samantha, Registered nurse, XYZ Healthcare center. References: Clark, N. M., Gong, M., Kaciroti, N. (2014). A model of self-regulation for control of chronic disease.Health Education Behavior,41(5), 499-508. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198114547701 Del Rio, D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Spencer, J. P., Tognolini, M., Borges, G., Crozier, A. (2013). 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