Specialized Standardization Popularization -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Specialized Standardization Popularization? Answer: Presentation: The contextual analysis which has been accommodated investigation is about a youthful high school kid named Geraint. The kid was the received offspring of his folks. He didn't have a typical acknowledgment into his family. There was a protest to the police in regards to a harm of individual property. At the hour of his hearing a specialist was gotten to enable the kid to out yet he had declined the assistance of a specialist. This can be viewed as a case which is very basic in the current occasions where couples frequently embrace youngsters whom they are either not ready to acknowledge appropriately or can't oversee. These cases should be investigated with legitimate assistance and direction. Discoveries: Certain discoveries have been made which can especially be featured from the contextual analysis gave. The kid had been captured at 1 am around evening time. He was amazingly curbed and didn't need such an assistance from any quarters. He was incredibly disturbed and didn't state much at the hour of being captured by the police. At the hour of addressing additionally Geraint was amazingly disturbed. At time of addressing neither of his folks were with him. This was likewise an a valid example in regards to the conceivable idea of connection between them. A social specialist was called to fill in as a grown-up at the hour of addressing Geraint. Subsequent to scrutinizing the kid it was conceivable to dig somewhat more profound into the genuine issues which were harming and tormenting him every now and then. The kid expressed that his folks had been discontent with him and they had made that understood to the kid a few times. The guardians expressed plainly to the kid that they lamented their choice to receive him. They refered to a few explanations behind that too. The guardians were vexed that he didn't satisfy their desires which they had from him as a youngster. They were miserable and crippled that Geraint couldn't perform well. He performed low reliably so they wanted that they had never received him. They generally were in the negative zone and lamented taking the choice of receiving the kid. Geraints predictable helpless outcomes were the significant reason for lament of the couple who embraced him. They were so furious and remorseful that they plainly expressed their choice. Their choice was they didn't wish that Geraint came back to the house. Conversation: There are a few issues which emerge when a kid understands that the individual has been received. The kids may feel pitiful or incredibly hurt at the nonattendance of a connection with their introduction to the world guardians and furthermore the loss of the family and social associations which may have existed with those guardians. Such snapshots of sadness may be activated at a few examples in their lives. These emotions are showed in the adolescent years at the occasions when choppiness is experienced by a lion's share of the received youngsters. This is expected the explanation that the kids feel relinquished just as abandonable. There is consistently a characteristic inclination in the youngsters that they are bad enough for their folks. Such pernicious and defenseless sentiments may be exacerbated on the off chance that the kids discover that their folks are lamenting the choice to embrace them (Charlesworth, 2013). Received kids may battle with issues of confidence or character advancement gives more than their non embraced peers. The adolescents may feel personality emergency issues because of cases of renunciation by their folks who have decided to embrace them. There are occasions where musings emerge in the brain of the kids that might be they are not reasonable enough to live with their own folks. Each snapshot of their carries on with the youngsters live with the idea that they may have an entire family to glance and work out for. There may likewise be issues of blame which may go with such issues of personality and different concerns (Leslie et al., 2013). There are sure occurrences where embraced kids feel that they are double-crossing their received family and relatives by communicating their craving to meet with their blood relations. Delicate or genuinely powerless youngsters may likewise confront issues of tormenting in school where they may be dependent upon brutal or inconsiderate remarks or words when their schoolmates find out about their genuine personalities of being received (Brighous Swift, 2014). This specific occurrence may be clarified as an episode of pre-adult to parent brutality which isn't greatly featured even in the current days. There are sure standards of conduct which sort the APV which incorporate that of coercive control, mastery and terrorizing. Significantly the parental practices are likewise undermined by dread of viciousness. Appropriation of kids and managing them additionally incorporate their difficult personal conduct standards and staying away from occurrences of abusive behavior at home (Bentley Mace, 2012). End: Each juvenile probably won't express an enthusiasm for the historical backdrop of their family. A few youngsters may approve of their truth of being an embraced kid. A few youngsters know about the commitments which exist prompting the conditions of their selection. Notwithstanding this it tends to be said that those kids who are educated later on about their occurrences of selection, are substantially more understanding towards their received and birth guardians. They understand the money related commitments which may have kept their blood relations from bringing up their kids themselves. It is seen that the circumstance of each embraced youngster and their condition at home or their relationship with their folks is extraordinary. Appropriate consideration and backing is required at each phase to guarantee that they are all around dealt with. There ought to be a legitimate harmony between the childs acknowledgment at home and among their families that is their family members too. Ju st if the youngster feels acknowledged by his folks and family will a feeling of harmony win in his psyche. This is the obligation of each couple who takes the choice to receive. Proposals: It is important to treat even a received youngster as ones own kid. In circumstances where the guardians feel that they are not prepared to assume up the liability of a youngster who isn't their own they ought not continue to receive in any case. After the couples have proceeded with their choice to receive a youngster they become liable for the fruitful childhood of their kid and they can't hurt a blameless childs life in any capacity because of their lament or such a pessimism on their part (Barkley Benton, 2013). In the specific contextual analysis for instance the guardians have not demonstrated such a chivalrous conduct towards Geraint. They have continued condemning him and his presentation in scholastics. They ought to have indicated a specific measure of chivalrous disposition towards him. They even had done whatever it takes not to comprehend what really the explanation behind the terrible execution of Geraint in school was. From their conduct it was normal for Geraint as a kid to feel miserable and despondent. The dreary denouncing explanations of his received guardians tormented and discouraged him incredibly. His folks didn't attempt to know whether he was being tormented at school or was harmed because of such an announcements from his schoolmates. The guardians expected to sit the kid down and talk with him in an overall quite inviting way to legitimize whether they could assist him with improving his examinations in any capacity. They could sit with him for an hour in the nights when they were allowed to show him his class educational plan. On the off chance that Geraint found that his folks really took a distinct fascination for him, he would not surrender and would not feel dismal and discouraged. He would rather try sincerely and attempt to perform better to climb high according to his folks. On the off chance that his folks listened carefully to his issues he would not feel alone in an incredible excursion. In this way the guardians ought to have permitted Geraint to develop as a piece of his family and get acknowledged. Acknowledgment would have a tremendous impact in his life and he would have the option to perform and get passing marks for himself. As mindful guardians, the couple who embraced Geraint expected to comprehend the day by day hardships which he needed to experience. Plainly gradually and step by step Geraint began getting rough subsequent to being harmed by implication by the expressions of his embraced guardians for a long time. He may have inbuilt a feeling of rejection inside him which permitted him to understand that no one discovered him sufficient. The breaking of things at home was only an extreme crescendo of his emotions. In the wake of being down and out and pitiful for more often than not, eventually he could never really show his disappointment and frenzy. This was because of the way that the most notable individuals throughout his life separated from his blood relations were not tolerating him and rather lamenting their choice. References Barkley, R. A., Benton, C. M. (2013).Your disobedient youngster: Eight stages to better conduct. Guilford Press. Bentley, G., Mace, R. (Eds.). (2012).Substitute guardians: Biological and social points of view on alloparenting in human societies(Vol. 3). Berghahn Books. Brighouse, H., Swift, A. (2014).Family qualities: The morals of parent-kid connections. Princeton University Press. Carnes?Holt, K., Bratton, S. C. (2014). The adequacy of kid parent relationship treatment for received youngsters with connection disruptions.Journal of Counseling Development,92(3), 328-337. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding kid advancement. Cengage Learning. Leslie, L. A., Smith, J. R., Hrapczynski, K. M., Riley, D. (2013). Racial socialization in transracial receptive families: Does it assist young people with managing segregation stress?.Family Relations,62(1), 72-81. Matthews, J. A., Pinderhughes, E. E. (2016). Ethnic Racial Socialization Among Inracial International Adoptive Placements. Zollo, S. A. (2015). Threaten Smacking! Bringing issues to light on Childrens Rights through Popularization.Variations in Specialized Genres: Standardization and Popularization, 261.

The Terminal Tale of Today Will Be A Quiet Day :: Today Will Be a Quiet Day Essays

The Terminal Tale of Today Will Be A Quiet Dayâ â   â After perusing Today Will Be A Quiet Day by Amy Hemple, I had a shocking inclination that something awful was going on off camera. I feel that the dad has a fatal sickness and he needs to joyfully experience the most recent couple of days of his life. I imagine that there is indisputable proof that Today Will Be A Quiet Day is anything but a cheerful story, however in actuality a dismal one. Above all else, demise assumes an immense job in this story. Passing is raised so often in this story one can just presume that there is an anticipating going on. For instance, the absolute first line of the story manages fiasco and demise. In the main passage the kid discusses what might occur if a seismic tremor happened while they were on the extension. He says, I think if the shudder hit now the extension would fall and the inclines would be left (1202). Toward the finish of the primary page the dad recalls a kid who went to his son’s school who ended it all. Another piece of death in this story is the notice of the family hound that was taken care of five years prior for gnawing a young lady. The little girl had consistently felt that the canine had gone to live in the mountains, yet when she discovers that the pooch was taken care of, she gets all agitated about her misfortune. Indeed, even the joke about the guillotine that the young lady tells includes demise. These mo dels are clues that there is a passing sooner rather than later. The way that the mother isn't referenced all through the entire story infers that she is no longer around to deal with the kids. The dad, at that point, makes little insights about his takeoff, for example, Who will ever receive you on the off chance that you don’t keep up your best possible behavior (1204). In spite of the fact that, this may have been a joke it is awfully genuine to give up. This is a genuine indication of a lethal ailment. One more indication of casualty is the notice of the gravestone, and this is tied straightforwardly, and altogether, to the title of the story.

Organizations and behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Associations and conduct - Essay Example For this reason they concentrated on the various leveled structure of the association. The various leveled structure followed by the organization shows a Tall structure. The quantity of faculty answering to every supervisor will in general be lesser if there should arise an occurrence of Tall structures. This outcomes in better open doors for the bosses to screen and oversee the exercises of the subordinates (courses.jonesinternational.edu, n.d., p.185). The workers of the association assumed no job in planning and running the creation lines. Likewise the association followed the Taylorist style of creation which alludes to the large scale manufacturing framework. The Taylorist creation approach was built up by F.W.Taylor, who brought forth Scientific Management. His school of considerations is named as Taylorism. Taylorism accepted that any activity can be learnt and instructed. This hypothesis treats the people like machines and recommended that for the accomplishing higher creatio n the administration must dispose of wastefulness from its working. In any case, this hypothesis totally dismisses the standard entanglements that occur inside a typical person (Boyd, n.d). Taylorist creation style underpins the mechanical production system framework where every laborer plays out a similar undertaking tediously. Here the idea of division of work was given criticalness and individuals began getting experienced in a specific area while the remainder of the creation framework stayed obscure to them. A severe oversight arrangement was kept up inside the association which made separation between the administration and the representatives. The redundancy of same undertaking made dissatisfaction among the laborers. The nature of work began to decrease which influenced the administration antagonistically. Thus the workers were compromised and reprimanded which at last brought about increasingly more representative turnover. The speculations which were utilized to channelize the progressions inside the association made the Hawk Car Company to dispose of the tall various leveled structure and rather than that, they presented Adhocracy. The adhocracy structure is described by unique and natural units which have constrained normalization and formalization, and is slanted toward decentralized dynamic. These units are related with least routine assignment and lower vertical separation which energize more prominent responsiveness and adaptability among the workers (Robbins and Mathew, 2009, pp 199-200). The administration additionally made imperative strides towards preparing the representatives in such a way in this way, that they can pick up information about the whole creation framework. The laborers were furnished with the chance to develop in their situation by better execution. The new administration style took incredible consideration of the employee’s individual lives as well and helped them in tackling those to the conceivable degree. The poi nt of this redesigning choice was making the workforce skilled and persuaded about considering the way toward assembling of the entire vehicle and not simply learning some specific capacities. These progressions made the occupations completely fascinating and the representatives didn't hesitate to move toward their seniors regardless of multifaceted nature. The chiefs likewise dealt with the issues emerging in regards to the work and gave full consideration toward its answer. Collaboration and inspiration assumed a significant job in correcting the traditional authoritative structure that the organization had been following for as far back as years. Question 2 McGregor proposed two administration styles as indicated by which chiefs respected the work capability of their representatives.

National Air Sapce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

National Air Sapce - Essay Example Such an obligation is probably going to produce upper hand. Moreover, Greenberg, McKone-Sweet, and Wilson (150) clarify that exceptional clients are probably going to counterbalance social expense of administration conveyance and this will oversee cost ramifications of the requests on the carrier organizations. The distinguished eco-friendliness will likewise diminish cost in the long haul and increment long haul productivity. Lawful commitments and results of penetrate of agreement will likewise spur the aircraft organizations to maintain the requests and two potential solutions for break of agreement clarify this. The organizations will in any case be compelled to make the buys under the precept of explicit execution and this will mean sat around and cash in legal procedures. Dropping the agreements will likewise prompt fiscal costs in harms should the organizations be permitted to drop the agreements yet this would in any case be exorbitant (Schaffer, Agusti, and Dhooge 108). Maintaining contracts for the new airplanes offers points of interest, for example, upper hand because of social obligation, expanded productivity because of eco-friendliness, and capacity to raise costs among premium clients without lessening utility. Dropping the agreements would anyway have legitimate ramifications into pointless money related misfortunes. The organizations will consequently proceed with the agreements as a result of the numerous favorable circumstances of the move and hindrances of dropping the agreements. These rouse acquisition of the new eco-friendly airplanes. Greenberg, Danna, McKone-Sweet, Kate, and Wilson, James. The new pioneering pioneer: Ddeveloping pioneers who shape social and financial chance. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2011.

Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast Free Essays

The book, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, is around two men named George and Lennie who are living in the hour of the Great Depression. They travel together and after they push themselves into difficulty in the city of Weed, they moved to take a shot at a farm. There is additionally a film, â€Å"Of Mice and Men,† that is dependent on the book. We will compose a custom paper test on Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now There are numerous topics in the story, one of them being power. The film varies marginally from the book in the way that it has less models indicating the significance of intensity, not at all like the book where there are numerous occasions of intensity. For one thing, power is appeared, or in certain occasions not appeared, in the characters. In both the book and the film, George has a specific control over Lennie. He goes about as his dad: censuring him, ensuring him, and guiding him to his benefit like a typical dad would have. A second character that underpins the topic of intensity in the book and film is Lennie. In spite of the fact that he doesn’t have a ton of coherent force, he is a genuinely ground-breaking individual in the film and book. He’s tall, solid manufactured, and only all around a major person that can do a colossal measure of physical work. Another comparability between the book and film identifying with power is Curly, the boss’s child. He’s a little man that likes to boss individuals around and has the notoriety of pounding greater folks. Despite the fact that there are different instances of characters demonstrating power in both the book and film, there is a case of when the film makes the subject less applicable to the story. In the book, Lennie has the ability to make sure to go to the brush, where George instructed him to go on the off chance that he fell into any difficulty. In any case, in the film, it was so that Lennie was lost and couldn’t discover the brush. It made Lennie appear to be more helpless and with less legitimate force than in the book where he substantiated himself, beside his difficulties. The second subject that the topic is appeared in is occasions. The occasions are both the same and diverse inside the book and film. In both the book and film, George talks for Lennie before the supervisor when they initially show up at the farm. He’s stressed that Lennie will say something to uncover that he isn’t the most intelligent individual and that it may keep them from working there. A comparability is likewise the way that when George and Lennie were came up short on Weed, they were being pursued for reasons unknown other than the expression of the young lady that Lennie inadvertently terrified. He had no intension of harming her and never did, yet she despite everything had the ability to control everybody to believe that she was ambushed by Him. The last similitude of occasions that show power is when Lennie unintentionally executes the mice, the doggy, and Curly’s spouse. He had so much physical force and didn’t know his own quality that he would execute living things before acknowledging what was going on. This got him into a ton of difficulty in the long run. A huge distinction in occasions that demonstrates the significance power is that in the book, Curly’s spouse who was initially taken a gander at as a weak, defenseless lady with no control over anybody, out of nowhere exhibited a lot of power more than one of the dark specialists, Crooks. This was an abrupt turnaround in power and changed the reader’s see about her. This incident never happened in the film and colossally changed the viewpoint of intensity from the book. The last subject that shows the estimation of intensity is the subtleties of the story. Interestingly, in both the film and book Curly’s spouse doesn't have a name. This may have been to infer that her name had little significance or control over the story. Her effect of getting Lennie executed from him coincidentally slaughtering her had nothing to do with her name. Another detail is that the steady guardian was African-American. This shows an absence of intensity in the film and book since he had to live without anyone else and had no effect on the choices or musings of different men basically on account of his race. A third detail is that George was a lot littler than Lennie in the two depictions of the story, yet he had control over Lennie as though he was his dad. This shows despite the fact that one might be extremely amazing with a specific goal in mind like Lennie, they can in any case be constrained by somebody that conceivably had more certainty. With everything taken into account, the film gauges the significance of capacity somewhat not exactly the book does. Both the book and movie’s characters are commonly the equivalent, aside from the book shows Lennie with more sensible force than the film accomplishes for when Lennie runs back to the brush to meet George. The occasions are especially similar too. Be that as it may, the film is inadequate with regards to the occasion of Curly’s spouse demonstrating control over Crooks in his own lodge, which significantly impacts the environment of the story. The book and film additionally have comparative subtleties demonstrating power like Curly’s spouse not having a name, Crooks not having a ton of intensity in view of his race, and little George having control over Lennie. Every one of these subjects help impart how the film and book identify with one another for demonstrating power. Instructions to refer to Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast, Essay models

Norris, George William

Norris, George William Norris, George William, 1861â€"1944, American legislator, b. Sandusky co., Ohio. After admission to the bar in 1883, he moved (1885) to Furnas co., Nebr., where he practiced law and was prosecuting attorney and then (1895â€"1902) judge of the district court. From 1903 to 1913 he served in the U.S. House of Representatives. A liberal Republican, Norris secured (1910), through an alliance of insurgent Republicans with Democrats, the passage of a resolution that reformed the House rules and wrested absolute control from the speaker of the House, Joseph G. Cannon . Elected (1912) to the U.S. Senate, he opposed President Wilson's foreign policy, voted against U.S. participation in World War I, and denounced the Treaty of Versailles. He was at constant odds with the Coolidge administration, backed (1928) Democrat Alfred E. Smith for President, and favored President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policies. Norris was read out of the Republican party and became (1936) an independent. He was author (1932) of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished the lame duck session of Congress and changed the date of the presidential inauguration. He sponsored (1932) the Norrisâ€"La Guardia Act, which forbade the use of injunctions in labor disputes to prevent strikes, boycotts, or picketing. An advocate of government water power development, he fathered the bills that created (1933) the Tennessee Valley Authority. He also supported farm relief measures. After serving 30 years in the Senate, he was defeated for reelection in 1942. His Fighting Liberal (1945, repr. 1961) is autobiographical. See R. Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Triumph of a Progressive, 1933â€"1944 (1978); biography by N. L. Zucker (1966). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Antitrust Practices and Market Power - 550 Words

Antitrust Practices and Market Power (Essay Sample) Content: ANTITRUST PRACTICES AND MARKET POWERStudents nameProfessors nameInstitution affiliationDate of Submission Antitrust Practices and Market PowerA trust is a plan where owners of a number of companies transfer their power to make decisions to a group of trustees. The firms were investigated for antitrust behavior to ensure they practiced and maintained competitive behavior in all their dealings (OSullivan Sheffrin, 2001). The antitrust laws were established to break the trust units where the firms in the trust would act as a single entity. This was because competition would lead to a fair business environment that has better products and lower prices for the customers. Using the federal antitrust rules the government would be able to break monopolies, avoid corporate mergers that were aimed at reducing competition, and also be able to regulate business conducts. Some of the Acts include Sherman Act of 1890, Clayton Act of 1914, Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, Celler-Kefauv er Act of 1950, and Hart-Scott-Rodino Act of 1980. The Federal Trade Commission was also established in 1914 to ensure the antitrust laws were enforced. The Sherman Act was designed to ensure all monopolies are illegal and that no trust acted in a way to restrain traded (Landes Posner, 1981). The Clayton Act was instrumental in outlawing practice that dispirited and disallowed competition; this include typing contracts, stock purchase mergers that worked to decrease competition, and discrimination of prices that were aimed at reducing competition. In addition, the Robinson-Patman Act outlawed the selling of products at very low and unreasonable prices so as to reduce competition. The Celler-Kefauver Act made it illegal to make mergers of asset-purchase so as to trim down competition. The Hart-Scott-Rodino Act introduced antitrust legislation in the partnerships and sole proprietor businesses (OSullivan Sheffrin, 2001).A merger would occur between firms where they would unite their operations and hence decrease the number of players in the market; this would in turn lead to an increase in prices. However, a merger would be an opportunity for the firms to join their costs of production, administration, and marketing and hence contribute to lower costs for consumers (OSullivan Sheffrin, 2001). The Federal Trade Commission ensured that mergers formed would lead to reduced costs, better services, better products and lower prices. This made sure that the mergers were not made on basis of the number of firms operating in the sector but on how they would provide better service and reduced costs and prices to ensure the benefits trickle down to the consumers.According to OSullivan Sheffrin, (2001) the Federal Trade Commission identified a lower price for products sold by an office supply chain, Staples in areas where its competitor Office Depot operated. This gives a clear example of how competition may lead to lower pricing. Firms will have a chance to maximize pr ofits in the areas where there is no competition and hence may exploit consumers. This would be the case (increased prices) if a merger would ensure between the two office suppliers Staples and Office Depot, since they would dominate and monopolize the market.The government can arbitrate in regulating business practices through price fixing; price discrimination and making consumers purchase other products by force. It is quite convincing that monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) are always bad for society; this is because they will lead to unfair business practice in order to maximize their profits which is every businesses goal. It will highly lead to high consumer prices, poor services and...

Table Topics - A Smart Party Game for Adult Students

I picked up my first box of Table TopicsTM on a whim while shopping in one of those funky little shops you see in the artsy parts of any city. A four-inch clear acrylic cube holds 135 cards, each with a provocative question that is sure to inspire lively, and meaningful, conversation. These little cards make a great game for the classroom or meeting room, around the table, or on the patio. Use them at any gathering of adults when you want stimulating conversation. Group Size Ideal for up to 10. Divide larger groups. Uses Introductions at a meeting, in the classroom, around the pool, at a party, anytime you want to inspire conversation. Time Needed Depends on the number of people and the time you allow for conversation after each introduction and answer. Materials Needed Cube of Table TopicsTM and a clock or watch. Instructions Select a person to begin, and ask him or her to pick a card from the Table TopicsTM cube. Explain that the person should give his or her name, and answer the question. Depending on the amount of time you have, allow a few minutes of conversation about the persons response, and then pass the cube to the next person. Card examples: Which piece of land would you wish to have preserved forever?Whats your favorite quotation?What song evokes the strongest memories for you? Alternatives Table TopicsTM offers nine different sets of questions: Original, Family Gathering, Gourmet, Family, Teen, Couples, Girls Night Out, Spirit, and Book Club. Choose the subject matter most appropriate for your group.​ For more information, visit  Table Topics.

Business Overview Pursuits - 1491 Words

Plummy Pursuits 1. Official Statement 1.1. Business Overview Plummy Pursuits is another business that means to offer crisp foods grown from the ground juice arranged locally with a divine normal flavor. We would like to develop products of the soil stand that will give the freshest and heavenly foods grown from the ground sorts of organic product squeeze that are privately arranged. We plan to source every one of our fixings from natural product sellers who buy organic products straightforwardly from homesteads. We will set up our juices on location to guarantee our customer base get the freshest juices with its characteristic flavor conceivable. With a sharp concentrate on particular ranchers and cultivators, we plan to customize†¦show more content†¦Year 1 deals are anticipated at $55,568 taking into account a moderate improvement of the business through catching more customer base each month. I construct these anticipated figures with respect to the inclination to buy a range, putting different components into contemplations, for example, football games on the primary road and having the capacity to get more customer base from my rivals. To ensure that the working capital accessible is reliably adequate in the primary year, the main least sum will be drawn from the business. 1.3. Vision Statement To be the best products of the soil juice merchant shop in the district and be prestigious for giving quality neighborhood sustenance’s and supporting agriculturists and cultivators. This can be accomplished by giving customers quality leafy foods at focused costs. 1.4. Business Objectives Our fleeting goal is to endeavor and develop the business by no less than 12% after at regular intervals, with aggregate offers of $55,568 in the principal year. This will require offering 15 liters of organic product juice and 55 kilograms of natural products. I plan to keep developing my business in years two and three and extend the outlets in the area as I anticipate winning Young Entrepreneur of the Year. There are two schools in the close-by, and new workplaces are being developed in the zone. My sort of administration to customer base is one of a kind in the region, and an entertainment focus is exceptionally

Human Resource Department Of Indiana State University

It is certainly not uncommon for organizations to struggle when developing their new employee orientation process. As is often the case in many organizations of varying sizes, there tends to exists a mix of employees who clearly see the need and benefits of a formal orientation process, and a contingency of employees who do not. Generally speaking, however, research has proven that when employees are afforded the time and effort required on the part of senior managers to develop a well-structured orientation process they stand to not only gain confidence in their abilities to perform the required tasks related to their position, but also gain a sense of security and confidence for the organization as a whole. One particular strategy that an organization may employee in developing new staff, is formulating a specific training program by eliciting the input from department managers. For example, the human resource department of Indiana State University allows for their department manag ers to be explained the overall process of orientating a new faculty member into their university system through a program called â€Å"ISUNEW† (â€Å"A Supervisor’s Guide to the New Employee Welcome Program, n.d.). By its intended design, the program allows for department supervisors to collectively be explained the expectations of the university pertaining to the orientation of new employees through one universal venue. This methodology of delivery reduces the amount of confusion surrounding whatShow MoreRelatedDispute System Design1638 Words   |  7 PagesSummary The grievance procedure for current employees at Indiana State University applies to full-time with benefits (37.5/40 hours per week) or regular part-time with benefits (20 or more hours per week). 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Dubois County is comprised of the towns of Birdseye, Ferdinand, Holland, Huntingburg and Jasper. Of those towns, Jasper is the largest and is the county seat (Kelly School of Business, 2014). Over fifty-two percent of the population consistsRead MoreWgu C228 Task 1 Essay2707 Words   |  11 PagesC228 – Community Health Nursing – Task 1 Student’s Name Western Governors University Identification of Community Nestled in Southern Indiana just west of Louisville, Kentucky and south of Indianapolis, Indiana is Dubois County, Indiana. Dubois County is comprised of the towns of Birdseye, Ferdinand, Holland, Huntingburg and Jasper. Of those towns, Jasper is the largest and is the county seat (Kelly School of Business, 2014). Over fifty-two percent of the population consists of adults rangingRead MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Leadership Behavior Of Secondary School Principals Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesDeota, N.P. (1990) ‘A study of the characteristics of effective leadership behaviour of secondary school Principals’, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Cited in MB. Buch Fifth Survey of Educational Research (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, Pp.879-880. DFID (2000) ‘Poverty Elimination and the Empowerment of Women Gender Inequality poverty and human Development’, UNESCO Publication. Diwan, R. (1993) ‘PhD (Education) in MB. Buch Sixth Survey of Educational Research’ (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, PpRead MoreEssay on Self Care Deficit Theory 1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthen moved forward earning a bachelor’s in education from and Masters in Education from catholic University in Washington DC. She eventually attained an Honorary Doctorates: Doctor of Science from Georgetown University (1976) and Incarnate Word College in San Antonio, Texas (1980); Doctor of Humane Letters from Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois (1988); Doctor Honoris Causae, University of Missouri-Columbia 1998 (www.nursesinfo.com). Dorothea Orem formal idea in nursing concepts of

Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 956 Words

Sarbanes-Oxley Act In reaction to a number of corporate and accounting scandals which included Enron Congress passed The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) (Sarbox) also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act† and the Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act was enacted July 30, 2002. The Sarbane-Oxley Act is a US federal law that created new and expanded laws regarding the requirements for all US public company boards, management, and accounting firms. The act has a number of provisions that apply to privately owned companies. The Act addresses the responsibilities of a public corporation’s Board of Directors, adds criminal penalties for misconduct, and requires the SEC to create regulations that define how public corporations are expected to comply with the law. The SOX increases the penalties a company pays for fraudulent financial activity, and requires top management to provide individual verification to certify t he accuracy of financial information, while also increasing the oversight role of a company’s Board of Directors and the independence of outside auditors. The Major Elements of the Sarbane-Oxley Act 1. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Title I consists of nine sections and establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, to provide independent oversight of public accounting firms providing audit services (auditors). It also creates a central oversight board tasked withShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002985 Words   |  4 Pages Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Week # 2 Individual Assignment â€Æ' Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatoryRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages well-known acts have been signed into laws by the presidents at the time to protect investors and consumers alike. A brief overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a discussion of some of the provisions therein, opinions of others regarding the act and also my personal and professional opinion will be discussed below. The same will be examined about the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Senators Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley were the sponsors of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to p revent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act was placed into law to protect the consumer against fraudulent activity by organizations. This paper will provide a brief history of the law and discuss some of the ethical components and social implications on corporations. This research will provide information on how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act affects smaller organizations and how it encourages employees to inform of wrong doings. Brief Synopsis of Sarbanes-Oxley The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20022137 Words   |  9 Pagesdishonest act that remained common amongst companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco was the fabrication of financial statements. These companies were reporting false information on their financial statements so that it would appear that the companies were making profits. However, those companies were actually losing money instead. Because of these companies’ actions, the call to have American businesses to be regulated under new rules served as a very important need. In 2002, Paul Sarbanes from theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partne rships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulationsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the result of a number of large financial scandals in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most well-known corporate accounting scandals was the Enron scandal, which was exposed in 2001. Enron, an energy company that was considered one of the most financially sound corporations in the United States before the scandal, produced false earnings reports to shareholders and kept large debts off the accounting books (Peavler, 2016). Enron executives

Disadvantages and advantages of the Internet Free Essays

Modern technologies are confidently striding in their development and advancement into our life. Technology and civilization are obviously a subject of tremendous scope and one which might be treated in a hundred ways. Technological progress is closely related to a man who in many ways is dependent on technology – conceived as utilities, machines, techniques, and sources of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages and advantages of the Internet or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is largely through organizations that technology influences modern man and modifies his ways of working or thinking or living. However, the relation between technology and a man is also tangible on an individual level, and the best example for such technology’s intrusion into man’s life is the Internet. Nowadays the Internet has become a new and convenient way to communicate with friends or very often find new ones, today it is a widespread way to conduct business, search for information or even a way to shop. It is an often case when the Internet is considered solely as a source of entertainment or source of wasting time, though initially it commenced as a research tool. It is this academic aspect that is becoming increasingly popular among students today. The introduction of the Internet has both beneficial and detrimental effect on our life. Though almost infinite capabilities of the Internet are widely exploited, most often people tend to use it to get information. Thanks to the Web people are enabled to get an access to information that is often unavailable in print. Furthermore, use of the Internet is convenient way to retrieve necessary information in contrast to resources stored in a library, as far as the Internet is easy of access every day at any time. And last but not least, the Internet as a search tool is clearly an interactive medium; the search for information through the Internet is facilitated by interactivity of some sites what makes them especially advantageous as a resource. Another substantial benefit of the Internet is the unparalleled possibility to communicate. The e-mail service became an essential communication means for business needs. It is also an excellent and fast way to keep in touch with friends no matter how far they can be at the moment. In comparison to other communication means like postal services, telephone or fax the advantages of e-mail are obvious not only in its fastness, but also in its cost efficiency and accessibility – e-mail service is usually free and available at all hours of the day and night. Despite its numerous advantages the Internet is not absolutely free of weak points. Thus, alongside with useful and beneficial information the Internet sources, providing with the information about how to build bombs, sites that make pornography available to children are ubiquitous in the Web. In addition, too often the ease with which the information can be retrieved is not directly proportional to its quality and reliability. Many Internet users indicate as a flagrant problem the potential ability of dangerous strange fellows to make contact with children. The Internet as a source of many useful services like online banking, hotel reservation, shopping, or managing business also poses certain danger to its user. The loss of privacy is a major problem with the Internet in this regard. There is an obvious threat to have an unauthorized person willing to gain access to your financial records or personal information over the Internet. However, public apprehension about potential danger on the Internet is not strong enough to deny the evidence of increasing number of people who go online. Reasoning from this fact the conclusion can be derived that the advantages of using the Internet overweight its disadvantages. It is only necessary to approach these benefits with critical thinking. It is important to distinguish propaganda and commercially driven information from that which is fairly informative and useful. Finally, some regulations have to be made with regard to specific content considered as threatening. Thus, the Internet is of great value as a facility that makes people’s life easier though its application requires scrupulous approach. How to cite Disadvantages and advantages of the Internet, Papers

Infant Well Child Asia Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Infant Well Child In Asia. Answer: The history that I will record for the baby at second month include the following, the sleeping pattern of the baby, bowels movements and the eating habits of the baby. I will also seek to know how whether the baby can push up on forearms as well the how the baby responds when talked to and the head control. At sixth month of birth I will seek historical information on whether the child can take solid food, motor fine and gross skills, whether the baby is interested in the world around him/her and the hearing of the child. At 6th month I will administer vaccinations on hepatitis B, Pneumococcal, Hib and Polio vaccines. At 9th month of birth I will also seek to know whether the baby can point at the objects, crawling and the sleeping pattern of the baby especially during the night. At nine months the baby will receive any other immunization that he/she might have missed or flu vaccination if its flu period. (Slater, 2011) The developmental tool used to measure progress of baby Asia are growth in physical conditions such as height, weight, and development of psychomotor activities. This tool is reliable and valid because during the period of 2-9 months of the growth the baby will experience a number of physical growths that can be seen and measured easily therefore the tool was correct to be used for measuring the baby development. The baby score well on the measures of the tool as she had corresponding height and weight as well as Psychomotor skills through out her age period where the tool was used to gauge and measure her growth and development. I will educate her parents or cares on how to be observant of the child actions or reactions to the environment as this is the main mode of communication the child will use to communicate about his or her wellbeing. (Bremner Wachs, 2010). References Bremner, J., Wachs, T. (2010).The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of infant development. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Slater, A. (2011).Introduction to infant development. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press Canada

Marriage and Fences free essay sample

Troyes wife, builds fences to protect her own vulnerablllty through her Christianity, In the familys home, and through her husband, Troy. Rose uses her Christianity to build a fence around her. In Act l, Scene II, Rose sings to herself Jesus, be a fence all around me every dar (Wilson 1478). Rose is devoted to her children, but tends to use church as a way to escape all of her conflicts instead of confronting her problems. Escaping to church leads her to her most powerful fence In the play, her Lord, Jesus Christ. She uses her faith to keep her loved ones afe from forces that may threaten or harm them. With such an unhappy marriage Rose realizes that woman can have a life outside their home as well as men. While battling her marriage and realizing it is failing, Rose finds her strength in religion; she turns to the church (OReilly 20). We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and Fences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The beginning setting occurs on the front porch of the Maxsons house. The small dirt lawn is partially fenced until the last scene (Wilson 1468). The fence is represented In Roses eyes as an expression of her desire to define and protect what she 20). Rose nags Troy to flnlsh building the fence In the yard, Go n, Troy! You supposed to be putting up this fence (Wilson 1482). In Act II, Scene I of the play Troy, Cory and Bono work on the fence. Both Troy and Cory are uncertain why Rose wants a fence built around there house. Bono explains to the boys Some people build fences to keep people out and other people build fences to keep people In. Rose wants to hold on to you all. She loves you (Wilson 1497). Rose wants to keep her son and husband close Inside their home to provide a stable, caring family that she didnt have as a child. In the end, neither son nor husband stays close. In the end, the fence built pushes people away. Troy loses his wife because of the lack of dedication and Cory was unable to reach the values his father expected of him. Using the fence in the yard Rose tries to protect her family, but Troy is breaking through the fence to have freedom. Rose builds a fence around the greatest thing that happened to her, her husband of eighteen years. She burled her dreams Inside Troy, planted a seed and watched and prayed over it (Wilson 1502). Instead of Troy coming home after work he is out having an affair with another woman, Alberta, the omen whom has his future daughter. Once the child is born, Alberta passes away. Rose agrees to take in the child as if it was one of her own, but she refuses to forgive Troy. She uses the church as her spouse. Troys has no sympathy for the betrayal of Rose. After being disloyal he Informs her of his unfaithfulness, he Insists, l aint Rose continued to build fences throughout the play to protect her from harm. She used her faith to escape confrontation, the fence in the front yard to protect her family, and she built a fence around Troy to be the only women he sees.

Cognitive Dissonance

Introduction The term cognitive dissonance which is associated with Leon Festinger came into existence in 1957. It is used to describe a psychologically disturbing state or imbalance that occurs when there is inconsistency about various cognitions on a thing. The most common examples of inconsistent cognitions are the awareness that smoking is harmful to the health, the belief that it is pleasurable and the urge to smoke.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cognitive dissonance motivates actions to reduce dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory argues that individuals possess cognitive elements about themselves, their past behavior, their beliefs and attitudes and their environments. Consonance is said to occur when one cognitive element follows from another. If one does not follow another, they are said to be dissonant and this creates psychological tension refer red to as cognitive dissonance. Since cognitive dissonance is associated with psychological disturbances, individuals change the dissonant cognitive elements to reduce dissonance. Cognitive dissonance takes place after individuals make decisions and before efforts to reduce dissonance are made. Analysis Most people ask themselves whether the qualities or characteristics of services can influence the possibility of cognitive dissonance. This can be addressed by looking at some of the things that characterise services. They include intangibility, inseparability, lack of faith and perishability. It is believed that these characteristics of services, the marketing problems that emerge and marketing strategies used in dealing with problems encountered cause cognitive dissonance among consumers of services Intangibility leads to lack of protection through patents and makes it difficult to display or communicate services. These problems do not only make marketers uncomfortable but also the consumers. It is more difficult to evaluate services than it is to evaluate goods. As consumers purchase services, they face more risks than the ones they face when purchasing consumer goods. Intangibility therefore increases the difficulty of making the decision to purchase and the perceived risks involved in the process of purchasing . Inseparability poses a challenge in that it forces the customer to be involved in production. It is also a problematic idea in that once customers get involved in production; it becomes difficult to produce services on a mass scale at a central location. In addition, the provider is seen as the service itself, something which is disadvantageous. Dissatisfaction as a result of the services received causes customers to feel responsible for the problem. This is however different when they purchase the goods. Customers play an important role in satisfactory delivery of the service. As a result, they may have more complaints with regard to services than the goods. Special requests by customers may also be associated with varying prices for the same product. Such problems are believed to cause variability in the type of services the customers get thus initiating cognitive dissonance.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perishability implies that it is not possible to keep inventories of services. Charging different prices to different customers is often the strategy used by marketers to avoid losing revenue. In addition, they use contests, coupons and premiums. An increase in the variability of service prices which is a marketing strategy used to respond to perishability increases the likelihood of cognitive dissonance among consumers of perishable goods. Although cognitive dissonance has been discussed in different types of literature, it does not have a reliable scale to measure it. However, it can be assessed using a 22-item sc ale immediately after purchase. In the past, different indirect measures have been used to find out the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. In addition, more direct measures such as physiological measures have also been used. The process of developing a scale for measuring cognitive dissonance starts with an exploration of the cognitive dissonance domain. Since there are various definitions and distinctions of the concept, researchers have attempted to develop a scale that can measure both the cognitve and emotional aspects of dissonance in the post purchase and pre-use phase of consumption. The first stage in the development of the scale is the scale item generation. This involves generating a total pool of more than hundred dissonance items from exploratory research involving four focus groups with consumers. The validity of the content is then assessed by consumer behavior experts who are given the emotional and cognitive definitions of dissonance used in the study. During the pr ocess of scale development, the adequacy with which a specified domain of content is sampled is a major consideration. Scale item generation is followed by the first stage of data collection and purification. Since the first stage alone is not enough, it is followed by the second stage of data collection and purification. These processes are believed to establish important facts associated with cognitive dissonance. Dissonance follows a personal decision but may take place throughout the whole process of decision making and may never disappear completely. Its presence, magnitude and effects should be studied in all stages of the decision making process . Consumer behavior is usually an interesting area to focus on. It involves a clear understanding of the psychology of the buyer and external influences such as culture, reference groups, family and social class. However, it is fortunate that there is basic knowledge about consumer behavior that exists and can be used by industries to make important decisions. Cognitive dissonance theory states that at some points, there are bits of relevant cognitions which may not be consistent with one another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory appears fascinating to most researchers and practitioners since it presents marketing implications which appear to contradict tradition. For instance, advertising is intended at converting potential customers into buyers and once sales are made, the business comes to an end. Dissonance theory on the other hand implies that the purpose of advertising starts after a consumer buys the product. Advertising only facilitates the attempt to rationalize the choice by the attractiveness of the brand the customer chooses. For instance, companies that advertise their goods are believed to make more sales since reading advertisements instigates the buying behavior. However, the dissonance theory predicts otherwise by arguing that the buyers of a product tend to read advertisements more often than those who do not buy the product. According to cognitive dissonance theory, when one brand is chosen more by customers, its rank position goes upward while the rejected brand goes downwards (Oshikawa, 1969). Conclusion There is the need for more research to be conducted on the area of cognitive dissonance and the ever increasing importance of services. Services have been impacting the world economy in an enormous manner. Earlier reasearchers have also indicated the need to conduct more research on cognitve dissonance. They argue that it is of great concern since majority of consumers exhibit some form of dissonance occasioned by many factors. References Oshikawa, S. (1969) can cognitive dissonance theory explain consumer behavior? Journalof Marketing, 33(4), 44-49. Kansal, P., Bawa, A. (2008) Cognitive Dissonance and the Marketing of Services: Some Issues. Journal of Services Research 8(2), 32-51. Sweeney, J. (2000). Cognitive Dissonance after Purchase. Psychology and Marketing , 17(5), 369-385.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Maxim Casey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomposure that is triggered when one is unable to choose from contradictory views. It occurs in many real life situations where an individual’s behavior conflicts with integral beliefs to his or her self-identity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a conflict arises between belief and behavior, something should change in order to reduce or eliminate the dissonance (McConnell Brown, 2010). Control There are various strategies that one should apply to minimize cognitive dissonance. This includes paying attention to supportive beliefs that outweigh the dissonant behavior or belief (Fiske, 2010). It also entails the reduction of the utility of the conflicting belief. The other aspect is the adjustment of the conflicting beliefs to align them with other beliefs or behavior. Cognitive dissonance pl ays an important role in making judgments, decisions, and in evaluations (Egan, Santos Bloom, 2007). Arguments on the Impact of Cognitive Dissonance There are two theories related to cognitive dissonance. This includes the theory of cognitive dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith. The other one is the self-perception theory by Daryl Bem. Of the two, Festinger and Carlsmith have a strong argument on the impact of cognitive dissonance. In self perception theory, Daryl Bem argued that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior. This theory does not mention that people experience dissonance, which they later seek to relieve (Nier, 2010). This adds marks to the theory of cognitive dissonance and makes it clear that the self-perception theory cannot account for all the laboratory findings by itself (Sanderson, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the theory of cog nitive dissonance, dissonance is held as an unpleasant tension or a negative drive state, which the individual is motivated to reduce. In one of Festinger and Carlsmith’s experiments, some participants were bribed with one dollar and were asked to lie to another participant about how enjoyable the boring task was. They gave in and rated the task for its enjoyment. There were inconsistencies noted with respect to their attitudes that led to dissonance. The dissonance was noted in the distress of the participants while lying. The other group that was not bribed had an obvious external justification for their behavior and thus suffered less dissonance (Nier, 2010). The theory of cognitive dissonance is well armed to account for any or all laboratory findings by itself. The literature supports the existence of cognitive dissonance. Psychologists have incorporated dissonance into the basic studying processes. The theory of cognitive dissonance has helped students by motivating the m in studies (Martinie, Olive Milland, 2010). In Aronson and Carlsmith’s experiment, the children refused to play with the toy. This was the case even after the withdrawal of the threat. In an experiment by Jack Brehm, cognitive dissonance is shown by the 225 female students as they were making a difficult decision. Still, after one makes a choice between two things, one feels that there is something good about the rejected choice. He or she suffers the opportunity cost of rejecting it. In such a case, the opportunity cost is the dissonant. As suggested by the theory, the research by Aronson and Mills in social psychology hold that dissonance is aroused by an occurrence of an unpleasant activity (Nier, 2010). There is a very good example showing cognitive dissonance among smokers. It has been established that cigarette smoking leads to cancer, and smokers are aware of the risk.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relating this issue with the theory of cognitive dissonance, it can be noted that smokers experience dissonance given their urge to smoke is threatened by the reality that smoking is harmful to their health. The above research and experiments support the theory of cognitive dissonance. References Egan, L. C., Santos, L. R., Bloom, P. (2007). The origins of cognitive dissonance: Evidence from children and monkeys. Psychological Science, 18, 978-983 Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. Martinie, M., Olive, T., Milland, L. (2010). Cognitive dissonance induced by writing a counterattitudinal essay facilitates performance on simple tasks but not on complex tasks that involve working memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 587-594. McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M. (2010). Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocr isy on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 361-366. Nier, J. (2010). Taking sides: Clashing views in social psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sanderson, C. A. (2009). Social psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Abr1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Dissonance Introduction Organizational or personal set ups often require instances of decision making. Whether made at personal or corporate levels, individuals are faced with instances of making decisions under competitive options.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition always presents discomfort in emotions. The uncomfortable emotion that is experienced as a result of having conflicting ideas is called cognitive dissonance. This paper seeks to discuss cognitive dissonance. The paper will look into the theory of cognitive dissonance as well as reactions and concepts that are characteristic of the condition. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is a philosophical theory that was developed by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century. Cognitive dissonance is based on mental discordance of something happening contrary to the way it is supposed to happen. Leon Festinger established through observation that though inconsistencies were common occurrences in life, they made people to have some sense of discomfort that drove them to correct the inconsistencies. The strength of the drive for corrective measures was also established to be proportional to the extent of inconsistency that was experienced by an individual. Thus, it can be argued that cognitive dissonance establishes the fact that people are not well receptive to inconsistencies, especially when such are aligned to the negative side (Cooper 5). Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger who was active in the field of philosophy established and published the cognitive dissonance theory in the year 1957. His theory seemed to be simple and almost non substantial from the outset and was almost disregarded from its presentation. In the theory, Leon just expressed the fact that â€Å"people preferred consistency to inconsistency† (Cooper 6). The term cognition means knowledge that brings the notion of the theory to a mental capacity. This is particularly experienced when an individual is faced with conflicting interests. The state of dissonance can also be caused by an experience that is contrary to a person’s expectations, beliefs or even thoughts (Cooper 6). Development of the Theory The concept of cognitive dissonance gained much of its development following the establishment of Leon’s theory of cognitive dissonance. The theory that did not seem to be so distinct at the onset attracted reactions which initiated studies on the concept of cognitive dissonance.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars who were driven by desires to disapprove the theory embarked on a move to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts and that increased the understanding of the concept of the theory thus made a rich contribution to the concept of cognitive dissonance. There were also those scholars who undertook to study the concept on the basis of gaining knowledge. Consequently, the result was a culmination into a wider spread and acceptance of the Leon’s cognitive dissonance theory. Individuals such as Irvin Janis and Milton were known for the opposing the cognitive dissonance theory. The criticisms presented by those who opposed the theory, however, came with proposals of contrary thoughts and presentations that further contributed to the wealth of the aspects of cognitive dissonance concepts. The ideology of cognitive dissonance has been an establishment that was fuelled by the theory formulated by Leon Festinger. The reactions that Leon’s theory enlisted established a basis for further developments that were realized in the philosophical school of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance has since then become a wide topic in psychology (Cooper 28). Concept of Cognitiv e Dissonance Cognitive dissonance has been recognized as a key element in the manner in which people behave. Studies have shown that people put in a lot of effort to help in the reduction or control of cognitive dissonance. The level of inconsistency in an individual’s thoughts is also identified to be related to personality factors. The degree of self dependence of individuals, for instance, relates to the possibility of encountering such inconsistencies as well as the manner in which an individual handles dissonance. People who are characterized by a high level of self independence are, for instance, less likely to encounter dissonance as compared to individuals who are dependent on other people and factors. This is because self independence or self reliance controls external forces that might influence or dictate an individual into cognitive dissonance. Interdependency on the contrary exposes people to a lot of factors and forces that in most cases drives people to conflic ts. The conflict may be with respect to two aspects: some two or more factors may pose a conflicting situation to an individual or an issue may be in conflict with an individual’s ideologies. A person can be faced with two external factors that are completely opposite in terms of their ideological applications. Under such a circumstance, an individual will be in conflict over the handling of the conflicting issue; which one to be resolved and which one to be compromised. A conflict similarly arises when a circumstance poses a conflicting ideology to an individual’s personality. In this case, an individual is forced to be in a situation that he or she believes is contrary to his or her established character (Kim 72).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Dissonance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The response to cognitive dissonance is also influenced, to a great extent, by personality with respect to self dependence. Though individuals who are open to their environment are more susceptible to cognitive conflicts, their exposure to the environment gives them an advantage of approach to dealing with such conflicts. This group can therefore easily deal with arising conflicts to eliminate disturbances. Self concealed individuals are on the contrary less exposed to cognitive dissonance and at the same time weak in handling such issues when they arise. The trend developed by individuals who are not very independent on their environment, in adjusting to their environmental needs as well as solving collective problems around them plays an important role in shaping reactions to cognitive dissonance. Events of dissonance yield attempts by individuals to rise and overcome the posed conflict. Whether in cases of independent individuals or cases that involve individuals with extensive attachments to their environments, the capacity to resolve cognitive dissonance depends on a number of other factors. Factors such as â€Å"needs, desires and goals† and the drive to achieve these factors forms some of the basis of response to cognitive dissonance (Kim 73). When faced with a cognitive dissonance, individuals are forced into attitudes that are contrary to their normal behavior. The circumstance causing the dissonance establishes an imbalance between an individual’s immediate emotions and the inner behavior. A response that is the solution to the conflict is then the attempt to realign an individual’s feelings to the inner being. There are a variety of approaches that individuals employ in their attempts to make resolutions. Consolation has been one of the approaches that individuals use as a means to reconcile themselves with dissenting emotions. An individual who, for instance, receives a benefit out of circumstance leading to the dissonance would, for example, have his or her consolation on the benefits. An individual who does not ga in from an event that leads to the particular dissonance can on the other hand resort to change of emotions as a resolution to their discrepancy between their attitude and their behavior. A case consideration of involvement in criminal activity such as robbery can illustrate the case. An individual who ventures in a robbery exercise and succeeds in stealing a lot of money may not be at ease after the incident but will have the consolation of the money obtained from such activity. A failure to undertake the robbery may leave the same individual with no option other than running away from thoughts of the act as a consolation. This is particularly the case when the individual is somehow remorseful over the activity.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, the move to resolve dissonance involves making sure that the discrepancies between behavior and attitude are reduced or even completely eliminated. There are four basic ways of handling inconsistencies. The first approach is for an individual to change their attitude so as to align it with behavior. Under this approach, the individual can be said to regret the circumstance that led to the inconsistency and is principled to personality. The inconsistency is thus accepted and attitudes transformed from the dissonance into the person’s normal behavior. The approach is more of preservative to an individual’s behavior (Nevid 288). Alternatively, an individual can resort to transforming his or her behavior in order to match that of the induced attitude. In this approach, the individual can be seen as being inclined to the cause of the dissonance. The transformation of an individual’s behavior towards an induced attitude can be due to a number of reasons: th e first reason that can explain this approach is emotional weakness that cannot allow the individual to withstand a transformation. Extreme level of such weakness may lead to loss of self control with the individual being controlled by emotions. A person will then yield to the causes of dissonance with the solution of incorporating such circumstances into his/her life and character. In the case example of a robber above, an individual will under this approach change his or her behavior to accepting the crime. This approach has the effect of transforming a person to new actions towards environmental circumstances. Another approach involves an individual’s provision of reasons for the difference between behavior and attitude. Once a convincing explanation is arrived at, there will be an induced perception of solution to the conflict. The reason may be consolations to bring the behavior in terms with the attitude while the cause of the conflict is left untouched. The approach ca n then be seen as an attempted incorporation of the first two approaches while the event leading to the dissonance remains untouched. It is therefore more of a cover up to the cognitive conflict than a solution. The last approach is a dismissive one of assuming that the conflict does not exist. The individual in conflict will under this approach maintain the status quo of exposure to the source of conflict while at the same time continues to suffer from the effects of such conflicts. A case example of cognitive dissonance in a person who smokes will therefore entail the admission to dangers of smoking which can lead to an individual stopping smoking so as to align his/her behavior with the conviction, change the attitude that smoking is not dangerous and maintain the behavior of smoking, dismiss the conflict on the perception that smoking is not the only source of danger thereby holding to both behavior and attitude or just dismiss any thoughts of the dangers of smoking and continue with the practice. Jeffrey explained that the most important concept of cognitive dissonance was the justification of the effort that was associated with the event in conflict. Jeffrey argued that the level of value attributed to an event was normally associated with the level of effort that was put into the event. Extensive efforts that are employed by an individual to solve cognitive dissonance with respect to aligning behavior and attitudes may then offer them a higher value in the society more than that of offering explanations to sources of the cognitive conflicts or just totally ignoring the conflict (Nevid 288). Vicarious Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance can also be induced in an individual by actions of other parties. When a person in a society witnesses another member undergoing cognitive dissonance, a reaction may be induced in the observer such that emotions are stirred up in the observer as if he/she (the observer) was the one undergoing the observed action. Th e concept of vicarious dissonance rises from the fact that no individual can be completely independent in any given set up. For each and every individual person, there exists an attachment to the society which as a result leads to social influence. The influence could either be directed from the individual to the society or from the society to the individual. An induced concept in a society will, for example, call for varied response by members of such a society. Researches carried out on social groups extensively revealed that a level of dissonance that was exhibited by an individual in a community had a high chance of causing dissonance in other members of the same group. Such studies are historically established; the first of such studies was carried out in the first half off the twentieth century and was on a religious group that believed that the world was to end (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 127). Vicarious cognitive dissonance is also significantly explained by the concept of soc ial identity. Forgas and his co authors established the fact that social identity â€Å"depersonalized self conception and transformed one’s own perception, beliefs, attitudes, feelings and behaviors† (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 127). Social identity makes it possible for an individual to experience cognitive dissonance without necessarily being exposed to the causative agents. Social identity also has the potential to transform an individual through assimilation of the individual. A person possessing particular traits can be naturally assimilated when the individual is exposed to particular practices in the society. Such assimilative moves can drive an individual to transformations that are a result of cognitive dissonance that never affected the individual. Influence of a society on its individual members to adopt a variation in character is another direct concept of vicarious cognitive dissonance. Apart from having the freedom to transform into practices of a tolerant society, there are instances where an individual is forced to transform his or her attitude to be in line with those that are required by the society. Under all these cases, an individual is forced into a transformation that is not a result of a personal act leading to cognitive dissonance (Forgas, Cooper and Crano 128). It was established that vicarious cognitive dissonance was induced in ways that were quiet different from what caused direct dissonance. While direct dissonance was attributed to personal encounters, vicarious cognitive dissonance was based on an individual’s emotions with respect to another person. The perception that a victim suffers from cognitive dissonance plays a significant role in shaping people’s behavior or attitudes. Researches have revealed that vicarious cognitive dissonance was primarily based on empathy rather than fear. People are not influenced by experiences of others on the basis of dangers or negative experiences but on emotional a ttachment to the experience involved. Even though negative impacts of events affect the degree of vicarious dissonance, it does so through influencing empathy (Forgas and Williams 337). Conclusion Studies have been carried out to understand human behavior. One such behavior has been discussed in this article in lengthy. It has been shown that human beings naturally tend to avoid uncomfortable situations such as conflicting situations whereby there is a need for one decision to be made. Cognitive dissonance is an occurrence of conflict of interest in an individual’s thoughts. The dissonance is induced by an occurrence to or about an individual that is characterized with compromise of character. Responses to dissonance can have the effect of resolving the conflict through a variety of transformational measures. Cognitive dissonance can also be acquired vicariously. Works Cited Cooper, Joel. Cognitive dissonance: fifty years of a classic theory. London, UK: SAGE, 2007. Print. Fo rgas, Joseph and Williams, Kipling. The psychology of attitudes and attitude change. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. Print. Forgas, Joseph., Cooper, Joel and Crano, William. The Social Self: Cognitive, Interpersonal and Intergroup Perspectives. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2003. Print. Kim, Min. Non-western perspectives on human communication: implications for theory and practice. London, UK: SAGE, 2002. Print. Nevid, Jeffrey. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. This research paper on Cognitive Dissonance was written and submitted by user Payten G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ashely lebev Essay Example

ashely lebev Essay Example ashely lebev Essay ashely lebev Essay Ashley Lebedev She is a 30 -year-old Artist Fine Art Photographer, specializing in conceptual portraiture, abandoned buildings, and moodscapes. She is also a poet and a writer. Her favorite movie is Bright Star. Her favorite book is Water For Elephants. She was born in 1983. Ashley currently lives in Minneapolis. Before that, she lived in Minneapolis, MN from 2006 to 2007. Ashley Lebedev attended Norwood Ctrl High School in NORWOOD, MN and graduated class of 2001. After attending school for Commercial Photography, Ashley chose to venture away from conventional hotographic style, and developed a taste for telling stories through her photographs. Her style is best described as emotional, atmospheric and romantic, brought to fruition with a very specific and continued emphasis on vintage eras, forgotten buildings, and texture work. In early 2008, Ashley made the decision to stop shooting commercial photography to focus entirely on her passion of being an artist, relaying her personal vision through photos. Ashley resides in Minnesota and is currently showing both locally and nationally. Ashley Lebedev is nlike any photographer I know. Her style is unforgettable. She tells stories with her art and leaves viewers feeling like they have been kicked in the gut (or the heart). She absolutely loves creativity and passion. Passionate people passionate experiences really do it for her. She draws so much sustenance from everything around her. She draws an huge amount of inspiration from is the simpleness in nature. The best things in life really are free. The more she fills herself up with passion, simplicity, and nature the more she finds she can draw freely from own creative flow.

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Proposal - Essay Example As the free trade agreement was signed by the United States and Cambodia within WTO (World Trade Organization), the country became the â€Å"favorite† supplier of brand clothes for American shopping malls. However, the situation is rather grave as Cambodian workers (with mainly women from rural areas being among them) face inadequate and extremely poor working conditions as well as low wages. Most workers have to live on only 3 dollars a day, working hard in unfavorable factory conditions (Tolson, 2014). It is also remarkable that almost a half of a day wage has to be spent for meal. Thus, seeking to save money, Cambodian workers often share meals, that eventually leads to malnutrition and fainting (Tolson, 2014). Fainting has affected about 4000 factory workers in the recent years, with cases of mass fainting in the workplace. This concerning fact couldn’t go unattended as faintings were caused by hunger, heat, poor ventilation, long working days and inhalation of chem ical substances for fabric processing. Considering the abundant evidences, one can easily conclude that labor rights are blatantly violated in Cambodia, violations were so numerous that last months of 2013 and first part of 2014 brought workers’ strikes and protests in Cambodia’s capital Phnom Penh with demands to increase wage. Garment industry workers are paid beyond the subsistent minimum wage. The situation went far enough for the government to deploy police for suppression of protests leaving several people dead and numerous of them wounded. Moreover, this summer, several lethal cases were reported with women fainting in the workplace and then dying. Labor unions try to promote their demands of minimum wage increase so that workers can afford adequate existence. Community Legal Education Center (CLEC), an organization advocating for human and labor rights, tries to convince main brands having their capacities in Cambodia to implement the program of free meals for workers

Development and System Pahology SHORT ESSAYS Essay

Development and System Pahology SHORT ESSAYS - Essay Example The changing pattern of bone quality which has been provided with the advance of technology includes hormone replacement theory for females after menopause, physiotherapy and exercises for the old along with calcium supplements and medications available to overcome the other conditions which lead to osteoporosis. These methods employ the body with better resources for repair and it makes the body function in a proper way. This is how the changing pattern of bone quality through life supports the disposable soma view of ageing. Answer: Gonadal disease can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases which include gonorrhoea and syphilis. It can be caused by genetic abnormalities which include Turner’s syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis. Autoimmunity against the ovaries and the testes can also be a cause of gonadal disease. Endocrine disorders also result in gonadal disease. These include the androgen resistance syndrome, pituitary tumors, hypothalamic tumors and excess secretion of androgens. Blood tests for the levels of hormones serve to act as biochemical markers in gonadal disease. Low or high levels of sex hormones can be indicative of this. In the case of sexually transmitted diseases the levels of antigens and antibodies can also serve as markers. Chromosomal karyotyping can also lead to diagnosis. Answer: During the embryonic and fetal development the Y chromosome in the male is responsible for the formation of testes whereas the XX genotype is responsible for the formation of the ovaries. The testes releases testosterone and the ovary release oestrogen. Testosterone causes the development of male sexual organs whereas oestrogen contributes to the formation of female sexual organs. In the case of androgen insensitivity syndrome the receptors for testosterone in a child with XY genotype do not respond to it. Hence an individual with XY will not develop the male characteristics

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is well known as the founder of psychoanalysis in psychiatry and is thought of by many as a key figure in psychology. Throughout his work Freud came up with numerous concepts and theories, many of which still cause a lot of debate amongst psychologists. In this essay I will discuss some of Freuds key concepts including; development of personality, personality structures and defence mechanisms. After which I will attempt to assess their significance in modern psychology and conclude whether or not I believe Freuds concepts are of value to contemporary psychology and if we should continue to look into his work. One key concept developed by Freud is the development of personality. He came up with five distinct stages, known as the psychosexual stage, to describe how our personalities develop from birth to about 18 years of age. He places particular emphasis on the development of sexual drives and how this shapes our personalities. Furthermore, each stage has a region, known as the erogenous zone, where the libidinal energy is focused. The five stages are: Oral stage (birth one year old), in this stage Freud (1901) suggests that events around feeding are the focal point of pleasure for the infant, the erogenous zone includes the lips, mouth and tongue (Maltby, Day and Macaskill; 2007). Anal stage (1year -2 years), Freud believed that bowel movement gives the baby sensual pleasure, also at this stage the child is rewarded for bladder and bowel control (Maltby et al., 2007). The anal region becomes the new erogenous zone. Phallic stage (3 years -5 years), at this stage the child starts to mature physiologically and the libidinal energy is transferred to genital region (new erogenous zone). At this stage gratification is gained from masturbation (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud thought that girls experienced what he called penis envy as they become aware that boys have penises and the do not. In addition, boys become sexually aware of their mother and start to view their father as a sexual rival (and experience castration anxiety fear of losing their penis), this is known as the Oedipal complex. Latency stage (5 years -12 years) can be seen as a resting period of the psychosexual stage. Social interactions are most important in this stage, children develop friendships with same sexed peers, as well as, identifying with the same sexed parent (Maltby et al., 2007) resulting in socialisation of gender roles. Genital stage (12 years +) as this stage puberty begins, which reawakens the libidinal energy, resulting in a more mature sexual attachment, in normal development the main sexual objects are members of the opposite sex (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud also developed the idea of personality structures. He identifies three personality structures that develop in every person, these are the; ID (present from birth), EGO and superEGO (these two form later on in development). The ID is the primitive, pleasure seeking part of the personality, it strives for immediate gratification (i.e. I want X and I want it now!). The EGO plays an important role as the mediator and is the rational aspect of our personalities (i.e. You will find a way to get X, just be patient). Finally the superEGO is the moral, guilt driven side of the personality which then becomes our conscience (i.e. You cant have X because its wrong). And finally I will talk about defence mechanisms, a well-known concept developed by Freud. Defence mechanisms can be described as the minds way of protecting itself from unacceptable or painful thoughts, as well as, conflict from the three personality structures. Freud mentions eleven defence mechanisms: Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, conversion reaction, phobic avoidance, displacement, regression, isolation and undoing. The two most known defences are: repression the idea that we push undesirable thoughts, feelings and impulses from our conscious mind into our unconscious in order to shield ourselves from pain and protect our self-esteem. In other words Freud saw repression as the Ego and superEGOs way of supressing the ID. Denial is simply when we refuse to face certain situations or realities as we do not find them acceptable. Cramer (1991) states that the boundaries between these two defence mechanisms are often hard to distinguish between (cited in Baumeister, Dale and Sommer Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology; 1998). The next part of the essay will aim to assess the value of some of Freuds work in contemporary psychology. The concept of personality development is solely based on how libidinal instincts shape us. Maltby, Day and Macaskill (2007), state that Freud does not meet the parsimony criteria in his explanation of the motivational basis of behaviour, Freud implies that sexual and aggressive instincts are the only motivators of human behaviour (Maltby et al., 2007). The psychosexual stages, do not fully explain human behaviour as they are highly reductionist and ignore the complexity of the human mind, as well as, being bias in only emphasising one aspect as the basis of all behaviour, therefore, it can be said that they are of little value to contemporary psychology. Freud also identified problems that may occur as a result of fixation in anyone of the five psychosexual stages. He then developed treatment, known as free association, which would allow the patients to resolve their emotional conflicts, which involved catharsis, where the patients discharged their emotions by speaking freely about anything they want, leading to resolution of these issues. This method has been widely reviewed and is still used in contemporary psychology. Greenberg (2002) concluded that emotional arousal and processing within a supportive therapeutic relationship is the core element for positive change in therapy. He emphasized the cognitive aspect of catharsis and the need to understand and make sense of emotions. (Esta Powell; 2007). Free association is replicable making it reliable and has many applications to contemporary psychology making it valid. Conversely, much of Freuds work on the psychosexual stages was largely based on his interpretations of observations of young children or self-reports of dreams and thoughts. Freud used Little Hans primarily to support his theory of the Oedipus complex (Jennifer Stuart; 2007). Critics contend that Freuds theory is lacking in empirical evidence and relies too heavily on therapeutic achievements, whereas others assert that even Freuds clinical data are flawed, inaccurate, and selective at best (Beystehner; 1998). Thus, the validity of his work is very much in question. As these concepts, such as the psychosexual stages, cannot be operationalized and tested they are not falsifiable and are of little relevance to contemporary research. Many of Freuds theories are simple in a way that they are not comprised of many concepts, for example, his theory on personality structure consists of three clearly definable structures. In this sense his work can be said to be parsimonious and has formed a basis for further research. According to Dangleish and Power (1999) the personality structure purposed by Freud has face validity as we are all aware of anxiety and conflicts in everyday life decision making (as cited in Maltby, Day and Macaskill, Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 34). Face validity implies that there is support for his theory on personality structures, and so this theory can be operationalized and tested to see how personalities coexist within us and data from these tests can have practical applications. Furthermore, Freuds work on defence mechanisms was widely accepted and leads to follow up research, such as that by Brewin and Andrews. After reviewing this area of psychology, Brewin and Andrews (1998) concluded that 20% to 60% of therapy patients who had been victims of sexual abuse in their childhood reported not being able to recall being abused for large periods of time in their lives (cited in Maltby et al., Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 36,37). This shows us that the mind does use methods, such as repression, to protect itself from indecent memories. This shows falsifiability as it is replicable and has practical applications in life which can be used and developed in contemporary psychology. Freuds work is very controversial and has provoked enormous debate, much of which has led to the development of novel ideas in psychology. Not only has his work been expanded upon and developed (e.g. to better treatment of mental patients) but many breakthroughs have been made in trying to disprove his theories. Although many of Freuds theories are subjective and based on his interpretation of dreams and thoughts which cannot be empirically tested, he has made many valuable contributions to psychology. These include the use of defence mechanisms and the idea of personality structures, both of which have supporting evidence from contemporary psychologists, e.g. Brewin and Andrews (1998) work supports the concept of defence mechanisms. As well as this he created clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology, developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and concluded dreams are the primary insight into the unconscious mind. All of these have ha d practical applications and have formed the foundation of contemporary psychology. Thus, I believe that it is potent that Freuds theories and concepts continue to be revised. Referencing: Maltby, J., Day, L Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (2nd Ed.). London: Prentice Hall Baumeister, R.F., Dale, K. Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction Formal, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation and Denial. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Stuart, J. (2007). Little Hans and Freuds Self-Analysis: A Biographical View of Clinical Theory in the Making, 55, (3), 799-819. Beystehner, K. M. (1998). Psychoanalysis: Freuds revolutionary approach to human personality. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Personality Papers Web site: http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html Powell, E. (2007). Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond: A Historical overview. Visited on October 25, 2010, Web site: http://www.primalmatters.com/images/Catharsis%20.pdf